FOREWORD
Gary S. Hartshorn
PREFACE
Luis Diego Gómez
CHAPTER 1. Introduction
Nalini M. Nadkarni and Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Historical Overview
The Boundaries of Monteverde
Essay 1.1. Monteverde Beginnings
Wilford "Wolf" Guindon
Essay 1.2. Scope of Past Work in Monteverde
Nalini M. Nadkarni
CHAPTER 2. The Physical
Environment
Kenneth L. Clark, Robert O. Lawton, and Paul R.
Butler
Introduction
Climate and Weather of Monteverde
Geology and Geologic History of Monteverde
Modern Geography of the Codillera
de Tilarán
Paleoecology of the Cordillera de
Tilarán
Soils of Monteverde
Hydrology of Monteverde
Essay 2.1. Microclimate Variability at Monteverde
Kenneth L. Clark and Nalini M. Nadkarni
Essay 2.2. Epiphytic Histosols of Monteverde
Kenneth L. Clark and Nalini M. Nadkarni
CHAPTER 3. Plants and
Vegetation
William A. Haber
Distribution and Diversity
Reproduction
Seasonality
Population Biology
Biogeography
Conservation
Essay 3.1. Trees on Trees
Francis E. Putz
Essay 3.2. Why Strangler Figs Don't Strangle Strangler
Figs
Jonathan H. Titus
Essay 3.3. Mucuna urens, a Tropical Liana
Gary W. Diller O'Dell
Essay 3.7. Evolution in Cloud Forest Psychotria Section
Notopleura via Growth Form Diversification
Molly Nepokroeff and Kenneth J. Sytsma
Essay 3.8. Bryophytes of Monteverde
S. Robert Gradstein
Essay 3.9. Plants Growing on Living Leaves
María Morales
Essay 3.10. Mistletoes and Where They Grow
Sarah Sargent
Essay 3.11. An Exceptional Mistletoe, Gaiadendron
punctatum
Sarah Sargent
Essay 3.12. Gut Fungi of Invertebrates
Robert W. Lichtwardt
Essay 3.13. Breeding Systems of Monteverde Inga
Suzanne Koptur
Essay 3.14. Sex Ratios and the Distribution of
Male and Female Trees
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Essay 3.15. Clonal reproduction through Plant
Fragments in Poikilacanthus macranthus
Stephen P. Bush
Appendix 3.1. Vascular Plants of Monteverde
William A. Haber
Appendix 3.2. Ferns of Monteverde
Seth Bigelow and Peter Kukle
Appendix 3.3. Description of Permanent Plots in
Monteverde
William A. Haber
Appendix 3.4. Number of Species of Different Plant
Growth Forms
William A. Haber
Appendix 3.5. Orchids of Monteverde
John T. Atwood
Appendix 3.6. Bromeliads of Monteverde
Harry E. Luther
CHAPTER 4. Insects and Spiders
Edited by Paul Hanson
Introduction
Aquatic Insects
Introduction
Dragonflies and Damselflies
of Costa Rican Cloud Forests
Alonzo Ramírez
Caddisflies of Costa Rican
Cloud Forests
Monika Springer
Orthoptera: Katydids, Crikets, and
Grasshoppers
Paul Hanson
Hemiptera: Heteroptera and Homoptera
Biology and Diversity of Monteverde’s
Spittlebugs and Froghoppers
Daniel C.
Peck
Leafhoppers of Costa Rican Cloud
Forests
Carolina Godoy
Sex and Social Life of
Umbonia Treehoppers
Karen Masters
Psyllids of Costa Rican
Cloud Forests
David Hollis
Small Males and Big Females
in a Monteverde Scale Insect
John Alcock
Coleoptera: Beetles
Rove Beetles (Staphylinidae)
of the Monteverde Area
James S. Ashe
Dynastine Scarab Beetles
of Monteverde
Brett C. Ratcliffe
Cleridae of Central American
Cloud Forests
Jacques Rifkind
Long-horned Beetles (Cerambycidae
and Disteniidae) of the Monteverde Area
Frank T. Hovore
High Altitude Leaf Beetles
in Costa Rica
R. Wills Flowers
The Bark and Ambrosia
Beetles of Costa Rican Cloud Forests
Lawrence R.
Kirkendall and Stephen L. Wood
Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies
Migration of Butterflies
through Monteverde
Rob Stevenson
and William A. Haber
Manataria maculata
Rob Stevenson
and William A. Haber
Transparent Butterflies
Alan R. Masters
Variable Chemical Defense
and Mimicry
Alan R. Masters
Diptera: Flies
Phorid Flies of Costa
Rica
Brian V. Brown
Syrphid Flies of Costa
Rican Cloud Forests
Manual A.
Zumbado
Hymenoptera: Sawflies, Wasps, Ants,
and Bees
Distribution Patterns
of Cloud Forest Hymenoptera in Costa Rica
Ian D. Gauld
and Paul Hanson
Eusocial Wasps of Monteverde
Sean O'Donnell
A Dual Mimicry Complex
Involving Three Species of Eusocial Wasps in Monteverde
Sean O'Donnell
and Frank Joyce
The Ants of Monteverde
John T. Longino
Crawfordapis luctuosa,
a Ground-nesting Bee of the Central American Highlands
Gard Otis
Stingless Bees of Cloud
Forests
Jorge Lobo
Africanized Honey Bees,
Recent Immigrants to Monteverde
Gard Otis
Arachnids: Spiders, Scorpions, and
Mites
Vertical Distribution
of Orb-weaving Spiders in a Colombian Cloud Forest
Carlos Valderrama
A. [Translated by Bob Law]
Appendix 4.1. Host Plants of Selected Cercopoidea
from Monteverde
Daniel C. Peck
Appendix 4.2. Preliminary List of Psylloidea Known
from Costa Rican Cloud Forests
David Hollis
Appendix 4.3. List of Eusocial Wasps Collected
from Monteverde
Sean O'Donnell
CHAPTER 5. Amphibians and Reptiles
J. Alan Pounds
Introduction
The Area and Its Fauna
Distribution and Diversity
Geography and History
Population Ecology
Reproductive Ecology
Habitat Use
Conservation
Summary
Essay 5.1. The Discovery of the Golden Toad
Jay M. Savage
Essay 5.2. Monteverde Salamanders, Golden Toads,
and the Emergence of the Global Amphibian Crisis
J. Alan Pounds
Essay 5.3. How do Meadow Treefrogs Decide Where
to Lay Eggs?
Martha L. Crump
Essay 5.4. The Golden Toad Laboratory for Conservation
J. Alan Pounds and Marlene Brenes
Appendix 5.1. Amphibians and Reptiles
CHAPTER 6. Birds
Bruce E. Young and David B. McDonald
Introduction
Distribution, Species Richness, and
Diversity
Behavior
Reproductive Biology
Responses to Seasonality
Population Biology
Community Ecology
Comparative Ecology
Conservation Issues
Conclusions
Essay 6.1. Cooperation Between Male Long-Tailed
Manakins
David B. McDonald
Essay 6.2. Why Join Mixed-species Flocks? A Frugivore's
Perspective
Lisa K. Valburg
Essay 6.3. The Cost of Social Foraging in Mixed-species
Bird Flocks in Monteverde
Jennifer Shopland
Essay 6.4. Choosiness and Productivity in Wrens
of Forests, Fragments, and Farms
Kathy Winnett-Murray
Essay 6.5. Do Fruit-eating Birds Actively Select
or Avoid Insect Infested Fruits?
Lisa K. Valburg
Essay 6.6. Brown Jays: Complex Sociality in a
Colonizing Species
Dean A. Williams and Marcy F. Lawton
Essay 6.7. Ecology and Sexual Dimorphism of Emerald
Toucanets
Cecilia M. Riley and Kimberly G. Smith
Essay 6.8. The Roles of Long-Tailed Manakin Vocalizations
in Cooperation and Courtship
Jill M. Trainer
Essay 6.9. Do Subordinate Species have an Advantage?
Testing the Pointer Hypothesis with Tropical Hummingbirds
Harry M. Tiebout III
Appendix 6.1. Bird List of the Monteverde Area
M. Fogden
CHAPTER 7. Mammals
Robert M. Timm and Richard K. LaVal
Introduction
Methods
Distribution, Species Richness, and
Diversity
Research on Mammals in Monteverde
Migration
Change in Altitudinal Limits of Life
Zones as Suggested by Bats
Historical Use and Change in Abundance
of Mammals
Conservation of Monteverde Mammals
Essay 7.1. Observations on Monteverde's Mammals
Robert M. Timm and Richard K. LaVal
Essay 7.2. Singing Mice
Catherine A. Langtimm
Essay 7.3. Reproduction and Dynamics of Deer Mice
Stephen D. Anderson
Essay 7.4. Arboreal Mammals
Catherine A. Langtimm
Essay 7.5. Mice, Birds, and Pollination of Blakea
chlorantha
Catherine A. Langtimm and Robert Unnasch
Essay 7.6. Tapir
Robert O. Lawton
Literature Cited
Appendix 7.1. Mammals of Monteverde
Robert M. Timm and Richard K. LaVal
CHAPTER 8. Plant-Animal Interactions
K. Greg Murray, Sharon Kinsman, and Judith L.
Bronstein
Plant-pollinator Interactions
Plant-frugivore Interactions
Essay 8.1. Hummingbird Pollination of Epiphytic
Ericaceae in the Cloud Forest Canopy
William H. Busby
Essay 8.2. Scarab Beetles, Elephant Ear (Xanthosoma
robustum), and their Associates
Lloyd Goldwasser
Essay 8.3. Fig Pollination and Seed-dispersal
Mutualisms in Monteverde
Judith L. Bronstein
Essay 8.4. The Reproductive Biology of Blakea
and Topobea (Melastomataceae) in Monteverde
Cecile Lumer
Essay 8.5. Interactions Among Inga, Herbivores,
Ants, and Insect Visitors to Foliar Nectaries
Suzanne Koptur
Essay 8.6. A Fly Larva Directly Alters Floral
Sex in Centropogon solanifolius
Martha E. Weiss
Essay 8.7. Deceit Pollination in Begonia
Jon Ågren and Douglas W. Schemske
Essay 8.8. A Hypothesis About the Timing of Flowering
and Fruiting in Competing Tropical Trees
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Essay 8.9. Fruiting Phenologies of Pioneer Plants:
Constraints Imposed by Flowering Phenology, Disturbance
Regime, and Disperser Migration Patterns
K. Greg Murray
Essay 8.10. What Happens to Seeds of Vertebrate-dispersed
Trees After Dispersal?
Dan Wenny
Essay 8.11. Specialized Seed Dispersal: Mistletoes
and Fruit-eating Birds
Sarah Sargent
Essay 8.12. Seed Dispersal and Seedling Recruitment
in a Lauraceous Tree Species
J. P. Gibson
Essay 8.13. Myrmecophytes
John T. Longino
Essay 8.14. The Importance of Different Bird Species
as Seed Dispersers
K. Greg Murray
CHAPTER 9. Ecosystem Ecology
and Forest Dynamics
Nalini M. Nadkarni, Robert O. Lawton, Kenneth
L. Clark, Teri J. Matelson, and Doug Schaefer
Introduction
Forest Structure, Composition, and
Dynamics
Forest Biogeochemistry and Nutrient
Cycling
Future Research Directions
Essay 9.1. Microbial Biomass and Activity in Canopy Organic
Matter and the Forest Floor in Monteverde
Eric Vance and Nalini M. Nadkarni
Essay 9.2. Invertebrates in Canopy and Ground
Organic Matter in Monteverde
Nalini M. Nadkarni and John T. Longino
Essay 9.3. Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae of
Epiphytic and Terrestrial Piperaceae
Blase Maffia, Nalini M. Nadkarni,
and David P. Janos
Essay 9.4. Factors Affecting the Initiation and
Growth of Aboveground Adventitious Roots in a Tropical Cloud
Forest Tree: An Experimental Approach
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Essay 9.5. Fine Litter Dynamics within the Tree
Canopy of a Tropical Cloud Forest
Nalini M. Nadkarni and Teri J. Matelson
Essay 9.6. Longevity of Fallen Epiphytes in Monteverde
Teri J. Matelson, Nalini M. Nadkarni,
and John T. Longino
CHAPTER 10. Conservation in the
Monteverde Zone: Contributions of Conservation Organizations
Leslie J. Burlingame
Introduction
The Context
The Quakers and Bosqueterno, S.A.
The Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve
The Monteverde Conservation League
and Bosque Eterno de los Niños
Santa Elena High School Cloud Forest
Reserve
The Monteverde Institute
Environmental Education in Public
and Private Schools
Case Studies in Conservation and Sustainable
Development
Conclusion: Lessons from Monteverde
and Topics for Future Research
Essay 10.1. The Changing Face of Tourism in Monteverde
Sam Grosby
Essay 10.2. Pros and Cons of Ecotourism
Francisco Chamberlain
Essay 10.3. Debt-for-nature Swaps
Leslie J. Burlingame
Essay 10.4. The Community Process of Environmental
Education in Monteverde
Guillermo Vargas
Essay 10.5. Monteverde 2020
Leslie J. Burlingame
Essay 10.6. El Buen Amigo
Eugenio Vargas
Essay 10.7. La Bella Farm (Finca La Bella)
Leslie J. Burlingame
Essay 10.8. San Gerardo: An Experiment in Sustainable
Development
John Boll
Essay 10.9. Enlace Verde
Wendy Gibbons and Nathaniel Scrimshaw
Essay 10.10. The Monteverde Butterfly Garden
Jim Wolfe
Essay 10.11. Comité de Artesanos Santa
Elena-Monteverde
Leslie J. Burlingame
Essay 10.12. La Campesinita
Leslie J. Burlingame
Essay 10.13. Human Voices Around the Forest
Eugenio Vargas
Appendix 10.1. Key to Abbreviations Used in This
Chapter
Leslie J. Burlingame
CHAPTER 11. Agriculture in
Monteverde: Moving Toward Sustainability
Katherine Griffith, Daniel Peck, and Joseph Stuckey
Introduction
The Monteverde Dairy Industry
Lowland Dual Purpose and Beef Production
Coffee Production
Other Crops
Livestock and Fowl
Future Directions and Conclusions
Essay 11.1. Prehistoric Cultures and Inhabitants
of Monteverde
Robert M. Timm
Essay 11.2. The Agroecology of Prosapia: Spittlebugs,
Froghoppers, and Pasture Pests
Daniel Peck
Essay 11.3. Brassicas as Biological Plows
Jim Wolfe
Essay 11.4. Pasture Burning in Monteverde
Katherine Griffith
Essay 11.5. Monteverde's Kitchen Gardens
Katy VanDusen
Essay 11.6. Pesticide Use in the Santa Elena Area
Katherine Griffith
Essay 11.7. "Frijol Tapado" or "Covered Beans"
Katherine Griffith and Jim Wolfe
Essay 11.8. The Pig Farm: "Sustainable Agriculture"
or "an Abomination"?
Katherine Griffith
Essay 11.9. Land Use Controls and Easements
Katherine Griffith and Nathaniel Scrimshaw
CHAPTER 12. Conservation
Biology
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Introduction
Richness, Endemism, Habitat Loss,
and Population Declines: Threats to Biodiversity
An Overview of Key Concepts in Conservation
Biology
The Status of Biodiversity in Monteverde:
What is at Stake?
Conservation Problems in Monteverde
Can Conservation Biology Offer Solutions
to Monteverde's Conservation Problems?
Conclusions
Essay 12.1. Enduring Reasons to Preserve Species
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Essay 12.2. How have Humans Affected Bird Populations?
Bruce E. Young
Essay 12.3. The Influence of Fruit-eating Bats
on the Dynamics and Composition of Neotropical Premontane Cloud
Forests
Eric Dinerstein
Essay 12.4. The Importance of Pacific Slope Forest
for Maintaining Regional Biodiversity
Carlos F. Guindon
Essay 12.5. La Ventana in Monteverde: A Migration
Corridor for Insects
Michelle Williamson and Chris Darling
Essay 12.6. Altitudinal Migrations and Habitat
Linkages: Using the Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) as
an Indicator for Evaluating the Design of the Monteverde Reserve
Complex
George V. N. Powell, Robin D. Bjork,
Sergio Barrios, and Vincente Espinoza
Essay 12.7. Patterns in the Regeneration of Lauraceous
Trees in Abandoned Pastures
Martha Groom
Essay 12.8. The Impact of the Monteverde Lechería
on the Quebrada Guacimal
Douglas E. Gill
Essay 12.9. House Wrens in Monteverde: A Population
Sink?
Bruce E. Young
Essay 12.10. Windbreaks as Corridors for Birds
Karen Nielsen and Debra DeRosier
Essay 12.11. Windbreaks as Habitats for Trees
Celia A. Harvey
Essay 12.12. The Search for Medicines from the
Plants of Monteverde
William N. Setzer