Programming

Logic

One and Two Input Gates

AND Gate NAND Gate

A AND B
A NAND B

Output is TRUE only if both inputs are TRUE.
Output is FALSE only if both inputs are TRUE.

A    Boutput
F    FF
F    TF
T    FF
T    TT
      
A    Boutput
0    00
0    10
1    00
1    11

(The AND gate is useful for masking or clearing specified bit positions.)
A    Boutput
F    FT
F    TT
T    FT
T    TF
      
A    Boutput
0    01
0    11
1    01
1    10
OR Gate NOR Gate

A OR B
A NOR B

Output is TRUE if either input (or both) is TRUE.
Output is FALSE if either input (or both) is TRUE.

A    Boutput
F    FF
F    TT
T    FT
T    TT
      
A    Boutput
0    00
0    11
1    01
1    11

(The OR gate is useful for setting specified bits.)
A    Boutput
F    FT
F    TF
T    FF
T    TF
      
A    Boutput
0    01
0    10
1    00
1    10
XOR (EXCLUSIVE OR) Gate XNOR (EXCLUSIVE NOR) Gate
(or Equality Gate)

A XOR B
A XNOR B

Output is TRUE if either input (but not both) is TRUE.
Output is FALSE if either input (but not both) is TRUE.

A    Boutput
F    FF
F    TT
T    FT
T    TF
      
A    Boutput
0    00
0    11
1    01
1    10

(The XOR gate is useful for complementing specified bits.)
A    Boutput
F    FT
F    TF
T    FF
T    TT
      
A    Boutput
0    01
0    10
1    00
1    11
NOT Function
(or Inverter or Complement Function)		  

NOT A		  

Aoutput
FT
TF
      
Aoutput
01
10

(The NOT function is useful for complementing every bit.)

  


Three Input Gates

AND Gate NAND Gate

A AND B AND C
A NAND B NAND C

Output is TRUE only if all inputs are TRUE.
Output is FALSE only if all inputs are TRUE.

A    B    Coutput
F    F    FF
F    F    TF
F    T    FF
F    T    TF
T    F    FF
T    F    TF
T    T    FF
T    T    TT
      
A    B    Coutput
0    0    00
0    0    10
0    1    00
0    1    10
1    0    00
1    0    10
1    1    00
1    1    11

A    B    Coutput
F    F    FT
F    F    TT
F    T    FT
F    T    TT
T    F    FT
T    F    TT
T    T    FT
T    T    TF
      
A    B    Coutput
0    0    01
0    0    11
0    1    01
0    1    11
1    0    01
1    0    11
1    1    01
1    1    10
OR Gate NOR Gate

A OR B OR C
A NOR B NOR C

Output is TRUE if any input (or all) is TRUE.
Output is FALSE if any input (or all) is TRUE.

A    B    Coutput
F    F    FF
F    F    TT
F    T    FT
F    T    TT
T    F    FT
T    F    TT
T    T    FT
T    T    TT
      
A    B    Coutput
0    0    00
0    0    11
0    1    01
0    1    11
1    0    01
1    0    11
1    1    01
1    1    11

A    B    Coutput
F    F    FT
F    F    TF
F    T    FF
F    T    TF
T    F    FF
T    F    TF
T    T    FF
T    T    TF
      
A    B    Coutput
0    0    01
0    0    10
0    1    00
0    1    10
1    0    00
1    0    10
1    1    00
1    1    10
XOR (EXCLUSIVE OR) Gate XNOR (EXCLUSIVE NOR) Gate

A OR B OR C
A NOR B NOR C

A    B    Coutput
F    F    FF
F    F    TT
F    T    FT
F    T    TF
T    F    FT
T    F    TF
T    T    FF
T    T    TT
      
A    B    Coutput
0    0    00
0    0    11
0    1    01
0    1    10
1    0    01
1    0    10
1    1    00
1    1    11

A    B    Coutput
F    F    FT
F    F    TF
F    T    FF
F    T    TT
T    F    FF
T    F    TT
T    T    FT
T    T    TF
      
A    B    Coutput
0    0    01
0    0    10
0    1    00
0    1    11
1    0    00
1    0    11
1    1    01
1    1    10


Boolean Algebra Theorems

AND theorems 0 · 0 = 0 A · 1 = A
1 · 1 = 1 A · A = A
1 · 0 = 0 A · /A = 0
A · 0 = 0  
OR theorems 1 + 1 = 1 A + 0 = A
0 + 0 = 0 A + A = A
1 + 0 = 1 A + /A = 1
A + 1 = 1  
NOT /0 = 1 /1 = 0
//A = A  
Commutation A + B = B + A A · B = B · A
Absorption A + A · B = A A · (A + B) = A
Association A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C A · (B · C) = (A · B) · C
Distribution A + B · C = (A + B) · (A + C) A · (B + C) = A · B + A · C
DeMorgan's theorems /A + /B = /A · /B /A · /B = /A + /B


Useful Logical Programming Tools

IF N AND 1 THEN Tests if a number is odd (has its bit 1 set)
N + N AND -2 Always gives the even number of a pair, so if you are calculating an offset into a buffer, this always places you at an even-numbered position.
N = N AND X Keeps a variable within a range X.
So N AND 16383 insures that an integer never exceeds 16383.
N = N AND 127 Clears the high bit (bit 8) in characters such as for sending to a serial port.
N = N OR 128 Sets the high bit (bit 8) in characters. In some cases this signals an attribute such as underlining.
N = N AND 95 Changes an lower case ASCII letter character to upper case by clearing bit 6.
Replaces IF (ASCII CODE N) > 96 THEN N = N - 32.
N = N OR 32 Changes an upper case ASCII letter character to lower case by setting bit 6.
N = N AND 15 Converts an ASCII number character into its decimal number value by clearing bits 5 and 6.
N = N OR 48 Converts the digits 0 to 9 into their printable ASCII codes by setting bits 5 and 6.
IF X OR Y If either X or Y has a nonzero value ...
X = X XOR 1 Sets a flag variable from 1 or -1 to 0 and back.
Replaces IF X THEN X = 0 ELSE X = 1.
PAGE = PAGE XOR 3 XOR can be used jump back and forth between two values, here between video pages 1 and 2.
The value that toggles between has 1's where changes occur and 0 where they don't, for example to switch between
  3 00000011
and 45 00101101
use 46 00101110
X = X + 1 AND 3 This can be used to maintain a cycle.
Replaces X = X + 1: IF X = 4 THEN X = 0.
X = 1 - X Toggles a variable between 1 and 0.


Notes

FALSE = F = 0
TRUE = T = 1
 
Positive Logic (or Positive True Logic or High True Logic)
FALSE or 0 = LOW
TRUE or 1 = HIGH
 
Negative Logic (or Negative True Logic or Low True Logic)
FALSE or 0 = HIGH
TRUE or 1 = LOW
 
Bit_Logic.vi:  A LabVIEW program that demonstrates bit-wise logic operations.

Other Resources

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DISCLAIMER

Page author: Dawn Rorvik (rorvikd@evergreen.edu)
Last modified: 11/17/2006